Construction of a Hospital Building

Question: Examine about the Construction of a Hospital Building. Answer: Presentation The utilization of the venture the executives helps in characterizing and applying the instruments and procedures in a methodological and efficient methodology (Walker 2015). The techniques and methodology of task the executives helps in finishing the venture inside the allotted monetary assets and time while resulting the nature of the undertaking led. In this examination, the administration venture for the development of a medical clinic working at Australia has been depicted. Task Charter Task Charter Title: Task Management Project: Construction of Hospital Building Date: twelfth March 2017 Degree Overview: The extent of the venture helps in archiving the specific deliverable and objectives of the undertaking (Heagney 2016). The development of the emergency clinic building venture targets finishing the development work required for the medical clinic with four story. The task will likewise convey the power, plumbing and ventilation office in the clinic building. The development of the medical clinic building will be finished inside the cutoff time of two years from the day of beginning and inside the money related financial plan of $1,000,000. The in-extent of the undertaking: To develop the proposed emergency clinic building; To choose a suitable site and build up the plan for the emergency clinic building; To give inside and outside redesign of the emergency clinic floors; The out of extent of the task: The task wo exclude the appointing for the created emergency clinic; The task won't organize the clinical offices for the developed emergency clinic; The task won't organize the clinical supplies required for the emergency clinic; Business Case: The business case in venture the executives helps in characterizing the explanation behind endeavor the specific task (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). For this specific venture, development of the emergency clinic building helps in demonstrating the occupants of Australia a quality and wellbeing condition for clinical treatment. Notwithstanding that, the improvement of the emergency clinic will give the Devine Construction Limited a noteworthy money related preferred position. Notwithstanding that, giving minimal effort social insurance administrations in the emergency clinic will improve the multi-year rate of profitability and maintenance. Foundation: The advancement of the task foundation helps in characterizing the descripting of the exercises that will be done for the finishing of the venture (Marcelino-Sdaba et al., 2014). The task for the clinic building will target building up the narrowing of the three stories working in the territory. The created building will be utilized for demonstrating clinical consideration and backing to the patients at an insignificant expense. Achievement Schedule and Deliverables: The achievement plan is a task the executives apparatuses utilized for characterizing a particular cutoff time for exercises. The expectations are the exercises that are required for fruition of the achievement (Lock 2014). Achievements finishing time partner judge expectations acknowledgment standards Plan of the Hospital Building seventeenth July 2017 Emergency clinic Administrators Select the specific site for development; Create and finish the plan for clinic; The plan of the medical clinic is acknowledged by the emergency clinic specialists and partners; Development of Hospital Building 31st September 2018 Structural Engineer Developing the three celebrated of the proposed medical clinic building The fruition of the development work Electric and Plumbing 31st December 2018 Electrical and Civil Engineer Establishment of the electrical switch; Installation of electric machines; Wiring; Sterile fitting, Piping and seepage framework; Fruition of the pipes and electric works Outside and Interior Designs 31st walk 2019 Structural Engineer Establishment of entryways, works of art and embellishments Culmination of the inward and outside embellishment work Undertaking Closure 30th April 2019 Medical clinic Administrators Culmination of the venture and amazing opening of the medical clinic Culmination of all expectations of the venture. Dangers : The dangers are the questionable occasions that are both unavoidable and avoidable in nature may negatively affect the venture (Too and Weaver 2014). chance occasions probability of hazard seriousness of effect hazard no. gathering hazard proprietor hazard moderation plan relief cost Deferral in the development 3 2 R1 Cutoff time dangers Task administrator Checking the undertaking plan and rescheduling if there should arise an occurrence of postponement of any assignment $10,000 Invade of the financial plan 2 3 R2 Money related dangers Venture director Legitimate conversation with the supporter for expanding the spending plan or decreasing the extent of the undertaking $50,000 the extent of the venture was not met 1 2 R3 Quality dangers Venture director Checking on and confirmation of the venture plan during development $50,000 Assets Required: clarify all the beneath focuses: Materials: materials are the assets that are required for the fulfillment of the development of the medical clinic (Leach 2014). For this task, the material required were Coarse Aggregate, Water, Glazed Tiles, Fine Aggregate, Marble Chips, Woods, Sand, Bricks, Cement, Steel and earth. Cash: The cash is the budgetary asset require for the undertaking (Heagney 2016). In this task, the tola cost is experienced for $1,000,000. The budgetary asset will be procured from Debt Capital and Equity Capital. Technique: the development venture will be followed utilizing cascade lifecycle strategy. Labor: labor is characterized by the human asset accessible for the development (Turner 2016). The different labor in this emergency clinic development venture were Project Manager, Construction Worker, Plumbing Team, Electrical Team, Design Team. Machine: Machines are the mechanical supplies required for the development (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). Solid Mixers, Block Making Machine, Construction Equipment and others. income: The venture will have a money surge of $1,000,000. Suspicions: The suspicions in venture the executives are sure occasions or exercises that are foreseen to be genuine waste the lifecycle of the undertaking (Verzuh 2015). The development must be finished inside the financial plan of $1,000,000; The establishment of the clinical types of gear won't be executed inside he anticipates; The development will be finished inside the apportioned timetable of 2 years; Requirements (constraints): Impediment are the variables that are sure all through the extend however have noteworthy effect over the venture (Kerzner 2013). The task will be finished inside the cutoff time and allotted money related asset. Spending gauge: The spending estimation helps in separate the money related cost required for each nitty gritty deliverable of the task (Burke 2013). Errand Name Cost Development of Hospital Building $1,000,000.00 Site Preparation $50,000.00 Site Survey $10,000.00 Site Selection $40,000.00 Building Design $125,000.00 Get out for Designs $55,000.00 Choose and Finalize structure $70,000.00 Development Work $600,000.00 Electrical Work Plumbing work $50,000.00 Electrical switch Installation $20,000.00 Electrical apparatuses Installations $10,000.00 Wiring $5,000.00 Clean Fittings $10,000.00 Funneling $5,000.00 Inside and Exterior Decorations $135,000.00 Introduce Doors $17,000.00 Paint $10,000.00 Introduce Windows $8,000.00 Enrich Exterior $100,000.00 Correspondence plan prerequisite: An arrangement created for characterizing the correspondence channel between different partners (Schwalbe 2015). Who What Why When How Undertaking Manager Outlining the turn of events, timetable and length of the undertaking. As to the board issue in the undertaking. Whenever composed correspondence, Meeting Medical clinic Authority Characterizing the degree and prerequisite of the development. Adjustment in the arrangement All the time. composed correspondence, Meeting Designer Building up the engineering structure of the emergency clinic building Change or issue in the plan When a Week composed correspondence, Meeting, verbal correspondence Structural Engineer Development of the emergency clinic building With respect to in the development procedure. When a Week composed correspondence, Meeting, verbal correspondence Electrical Team Planning and actualizing the electrical types of gear Change in the electrical system or plan All the time. composed correspondence, Meeting, verbal correspondence Development Team Developing the three celebrated medical clinic building Alteration in the build plan All the time. composed correspondence, Meeting, verbal correspondence Supporters Giving money related support to the undertaking Adjustment in the financial plan At whatever point Required composed correspondence, Meeting Partners Partners are the individuals who are in a roundabout way or straightforwardly affected through the improvement of the task (Walker 2015). Partners Enthusiasm for Project Essential: Hospital Administrators, supports, venture group, venture chief, development group High Others: Society, Health Care Providers, specialists, medical caretakers. Low Group

Wireless Networking (WLAN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Remote Networking (WLAN) - Essay Example Utilizing these gadgets clients can get to shared data helpfully without connecting and interface with different gadgets truly. The transmission of information between gadgets in the system happens by the straightforward procedure of regulation with radio frequencies going about as transporters of the data being transmitted. The RF is balanced by the data sign and conveyed to the less than desirable end. At the less than desirable end the specific data is extricated from the tweaked signal by the procedure of demodulation. Various signs can be transmitted through air simultaneously given that their frequencies have an extensive hole between them. As it were the recurrence of activity ought to appear as something else and they won't meddle. There are at least one gadgets known as ‘access points’ through which the remote gadgets impart. A passageway (AP) is a straightforward transmitter/collector or ‘Transceiver’. A remote system interface card (NIC) is required to get to a remote system which is accessible in different structures. These days gadgets are accessible with worked in NIC’s. Be that as it may, they can likewise be introduced independently last mentioned. These NIC’s likewise require important programming drivers to be introduced for their working. Narrowband WLAN’s keep the transfer speed of the radio recurrence signal as smaller as could be expected under the circumstances, so as to simply pass the data. Despite the fact that the separation between the gadgets is sensible however the rates accomplished are not on a par with required by the corporate clients. A general issue that could emerge in WLAN’s is the impedance, which can be overwhelmed by distributing various frequencies to various people. For this situation since the transmission capacity is tight, impedance can in all likelihood be kept away from. These WLAN’s utilize wideband RF. The utilization of wideband sign aides in achieving more prominent rates. The most mainstream WLAN being utilized is 802.11b accomplishing a speed of around 11 Mbps. With the progression of innovation the rates

Thomas Hart Benton essays

Thomas Hart Benton articles Thomas Hart Benton is one of Americas most eminent craftsmen. Benton was renowned for his painting style and his wall paintings. Benton accepted that craftsmanship was a brilliant method to portray regular daily existence for ordinary individuals in America. Benton was a hero of the individuals and opposed the rich and ground-breaking. In spite of the fact that he considered the more current workmanship developments of the time, for example, cubism and innovation he immediately dropped those styles. Benton felt the more up to date workmanship styles were of no assistance to him in demonstrating life on the homestead and little networks as he experienced childhood in. Benton likewise felt the cutting edge workmanship styles were not coordinated to the normal individual. Benton believed that workmanship ought to be for ordinary individuals and mirror those people groups lives and ways of life. Benton was a man who held fast as should be obvious in his appearance on his Shelf Portrait. He was resolved to communicate his own particular manner. Later he turned out to be a piece of the workmanship development known as American Regionalism. Regionalists betrayed the theoretical style of the time. They decided to show the ordinary citizens and their general surroundings. Different acclaimed Regionalists incorporate Grant Wood and John Stewart Curry. Regionalists not just indicated their general surroundings, they additionally delineated chronicled occasions. Benton was conceived in Neosho, Missouri in 1889. He was the child of Congressman Maecerias E. Benton and the grandnephew of Missouris first representative, Thomas Hart Benton, for whom he was named. Benton got his first proper craftsmanship exercises from the Corcoran Gallery in Washington D.C. while his dad served in congress. Afterward, he went to the Chicago Art Institute, at that point at the Academic Julien in Paris, France. While in Paris, he examined the old bosses and turned out to be vigorously affected by the style of El Greco. Benton at that point came back to the states to work in New York. There he went through quite a long while keeping organization with any semblance of acclaimed picture taker Alfred Stieglitz. ... <!

Operation of the power transformer. - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview A factor of main economic importance and safety in electrical utilities and industrial customers of electricity is dependent on the operation of the power transformer. In the current economic situation, most of the supply utilities and industries tighten their control on production spending of capital and make savings in maintenance as well as ensuring the reliability of electricity supply. A power failure can increase the electrical loads. These loads will defer purchasing additional plant capacity and can cause the stress on the transformer increases. Thus, monitoring should be conducted to ensure the reliability of the net effect of the thermal voltage, electrical and mechanical service requirements brought about by the increase. Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from the transformer is a valuable technique in the preventative maintenance program. The transformer can be used longer if a proactive approach undertaken based on the transformer oils condition. During an operation of a power transformer, transformer oil is subject to form electrical and mechanical stresses. Besides that, there are also contaminations caused by chemical interaction with windings and other solid insulations, catalysed by high operating temperature. Consequently, the original chemical properties of transformer oil changes gradually, cause it no longer function effectively after many years. Therefore, this oil should be tested periodically to ascertain its basic electrical properties, and make sure it is suitable for further use or necessary actions like filtration has to be done. The details of conducting these test is available in the standards issued by the IEC, ASTM, IS, BS. 1.2 Background Problem The dielectric strength of insulating oil is the oils ability to withstand electrical stress without failure. This test is done by applying a controlled ac voltage to two electrodes which are immersed in the insulating oil. The gap between two electrodes placed in a specified distance. The voltage recorded when the current arc across this gap is the dielectric strength breakdown strength of the insulating liquid. Contaminants such as water, carbon, sediment and conducting particles can reduce the dielectric strength of insulating oil. Clean dry oil has an inherently high dielectric strength but this does not indicates the absence of all contaminates, it may indicate that the amount of contaminants present between the electrodes is not large enough to affect the average breakdown voltage of the liquid. Power transformers are often operated under aged conditions. Thus the moisture content in oil increases, aging products become dissolved and particles are dispersed. Besides that, transformers are operated under novel environmental conditions, were low or high pressures exist. A safe service necessitates the thorough investigation of these influences. 1.3 Problem Statement Monitoring system of transformer oil existing is usually done in periodically. Duration of each use of transformer oil has been established within a time period for the replacement of the new transformer oil. So, the used transformer oil cannot be fully ensured in accordance with the standards set and this could cause a disruption in the operation of transformer. In addition, the monitoring system of transformer oil existing is expensive as well as the impact of waste oil is hazardous and cannot be disposed of. Thus, a permanent monitoring system of transformer oil with minimal costs should be established to ensure the transformer oil is always good quality to use. 1.4 Objectives The objectives of the project are important to ensure the research will fulfill the solution of the problem of the research. There are intentions conducting the research are shown below:- To study on the transformer oil and the maintenance procedures. To design a dielectric test device for transformer oil with using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment. 1.5 Scopes The scopes of the project are important to ensure every step is followed in completing the research. The scopes also could be important reference to gain related data or information of the research. Those are the scopes of the project:- To study on the quality of transformer oil. To study on the dielectric strength of transformer oil. To study the maintenance of oil immersed distribution transformer. Literature research about the monitoring of Dielectric Breakdown of transformer oil. To design a Dielectric Strength testing circuit. To analyze the result of Dielectric Strength testing. 1.6 Thesis Outline In preparing this project, the development of any information obtained should be gathered and described in each chapter are contained in the project report. Each chapter will discuss some important issues. Through this project, Chapter 1 as an introduction to the project discuss on overview of the project, background problem and problem statement. The objectives and scopes of the project were also discussed in this chapter. Then, Chapter 2 will explain in an inclusive literature review of transformers, transformer oil, the methods of monitoring and maintenance of transformer oil, equipments or tools required and software programming suitable for design the Dielectric Strength testing circuit. Next, Chapter 3 will describe the methodology used in preparing this project. This chapter is important to ensure that methods and tools used systematically and effectively. Chapter 4 will give an explanation and analysis of the circuit to be designed. This chapter also includes the methods and results of tests carried out by using the circuit designed. Problems occur in doing this project and steps to overcome the problems also discussed in this chapter. Finally, Chapter 5 which is the last chapter in this project as the conclusion of the project and some suggestions for further research on this project. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Transformer is one of the most useful appliances ever invented. Transformer can raise or lower the voltage or current in alternating current (AC) network, the circuit can be isolated from one another, and to increase or decrease the apparent value of a capacitor, inductor, or resistor. Furthermore, the transformer allows us to transmit electricity long distances and to circulate safely in factories and homes. (Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th Edition). The cost of a transformer is high. The failure of one transformer resulted in a loss in terms of the price of one transformer or in terms of energy supply disruptions to consumers. Therefore, to monitor the transformer oil is one the right way and good for detecting the causes of damage to transformers. 2.2 Transformer Transformer is one of the most important electrical devices. Transformer is widely used in power systems and electronic devices. Transformer can also raise and lower voltage levels and the alternating current to suit application. Transformer can transfer power from one section to another on the same frequency but different voltage levels and currents. Transformer basically consists of two coils of a conductor which acts as an inductor electrically separate but magnetically attached. Transformer consists of two loops wrapped around the core base, core and coil which are a part of the transformer structures. Figure 2.1 shows the general structure of a transformer. When alternating current connected to the transformer primary windings, current will flow through the primary winding. Alternating current flows will create an alternating magnetic flux in the transformer core. The magnetic flux can flow to the secondary winding of the transformer through the transformer core. According to the Faraday law, the electromotive force or voltage is induced in the coil-winding transformer when the flux is changes in value. Because of the magnetic flux in the transformer core is an alternating flux whose value is constantly changing over time, the electromotive force or voltage is always induced in the coil-winding transformer. Electromotive force in the primary winding is known as the self-induced electromotive force is due to the flux generated by the coil itself. While the electromotive force induced in the secondary winding is known as mutual induction electromotive force due to the induced electromotive force is caused by magnetic flux generated from the primary winding. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is comparable to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows: VsVp= NsNp (2.1) By the selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an AC voltage to be stepped up by making Ns greater than Np, or stepped down by making Ns less than Np. There are many types of transformer are designed to meet the specific industrial applications. These include autotransformer, control, current, distribution, general-purpose, instrument, isolation, potential (voltage), power, step-up, and step-down. To avoid rapid damage of the insulating materials inside a transformer, sufficient cooling of the windings and the core must be provided. Indoor transformers below 200 kVA can be directly cooled by the natural flow of the surrounding air. The metallic housing is equipped with ventilating louvres so that the convection currents that can flow over the windings and around the core. Large transformers can be constructed in the same way, but the forced circulation of fresh air must be provided. Such as a dry-type transformers are used inside the building, away from the hostile atmosphere. Distribution transformers below 200 kVA are usually immersed in mineral oil and sealed in a steel tank. Oil carries the heat away to the tank, which it is lost by radiation and convection to the outside air. Insulating oil is much better than air, consequently, it is often used in high voltage transformers. As the power rating increased, external radiators are added to increase cooling surface of the tank contains oil. Oil circulates around the transformer windings and moving through the radiator, where heat released into the surrounding air. For still higher levels, cooling fans blow air over the radiators. For transformers in the megawatt range, cooling can be effected by the oil-water heat exchanger. Hot oil drawn from the transformer tank is pumped into the heat exchanger where it flowing through the pipes that are in contact with cold water. Such as heat exchanger are very effective, but also very expensive, because water itself must continuously cool and recirculated. Some large transformers are designed to have multiple ratings, depending on the cooling method used. Thus, the transformer may have triple ratings depending on whether it is cooled by: the natural circulation of air (AO) for 18000 kVA, or forced-air cooling with fans (FA) for 24000 kVA, or the forced circulation of oil accompanied by forced-air cooling (FOA) for 32000 kVA. These elaborate cooling systems are nevertheless economical because they enable a much greater output from the transformer of a given size and weight. The type of transformer cooling is designated by the following symbols: AA dry-type, self-cooled AFA dry-type, forced-air cooled OA oil-immersed, self-cooled OA/FA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled AO/FA/FOA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled/forced-air, forced-oil cooled The temperature rise by the resistance of oil-immersed transformers is either 55C or 65C. The temperature must be kept low to preserve the oil quality. By contrast, the temperature rise of dry-type transformer may be as high as 180C, depending on the type of insulation used. 2.3 Transformer Oil Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers. Transformer oil is like the blood in the body of transformer. It must be periodically tested to monitor condition of the transformer. Transformer oil serves three basic functions which are to insulate, to cool and maintain the transformer functions at all times. To keep these functions the industry has agreed on certain standards. The two leading transformer oil specifications in the world are IEC 60296 and ASTM D 3487. In these standards there are many specific requirement and limits based on physical and chemical properties. Many of these properties and their limitations derived from the chemistry of refined mineral oils in combination with application specific requirements of electrical insulation. In an age when alternative to mineral oil being developed, it is important both to know what is desirable and what is likely to achieved in technical terms. Whereas some brands of transformer oil could only meet the specifications, the others excel. In the end, transformer oil consumers should decide which properties are most important to their intended use. Technical specifications also have an impact on issues such as asset management, maintenance planning and investment budget. To help make decisions in these areas it is helpful to have a basic understanding of the science underlying specifications and limitations. In Malaysia, mostly used transformer oil is mineral crude oils (uninhibited mineral oils) which contains Paraffic, Naphteric or mixed. It is supplied by Hyrax Oil Sdn. Bhd. 2.3.1 Transformer Oil Properties The main function of transformer oil is insulating and cooling of the transformer. Thus, it should have the following properties: High dielectric strength and good dielectric properties resulting in minimum power loss. Low viscosity improves cooling. Freedom from inorganic acids, alkali, and corrosive sulphur. Resistant to emulsification. Rapid settling of arc products. Low pour point. High flash point resulting in low evaporation losses due to high thermal stability. High resistivity gives better insulation values between windings. Excellent interfacial tension for quick water separation. Proven resistance to electrical stresses. High electrical strength. Remarkably low sludge and acidity formation in both ageing and oxidation tests gives longer life to oil and equipment during storage and service. 2.3.2 Theory of Transformer Oil Parameters a) Water Content The standard for measuring water content in oil is IEC 60814. (Marcel Dekker, 1990). The important function in transformer oil is to provide electrical insulation. When oil has higher moisture content, it can reduce the insulating properties of the oil, which can cause dielectric breakdown. This is the particular importance with fluctuating temperatures because, transformer will cools down if any dissolved water will become free and this oil become poor insulating power and fluid degradation. (Azliza binti Mohd Jelan,2009). b) Breakdown Voltage Dielectric strength is one of the important characteristic in insulation field. Breakdown voltage of the insulating material is the maximum electric field strength that it can be withstand intrinsically without breaking down and without failure of its insulating properties, dielectric strength also means that a certain configuration and electrode dielectric material that produces minimal damage to the electric field. (Rohaina bt Jaafar, 2003). Breakdown strength in liquid according to various factors influenced in the experiment which is electrode material and surface state, geometry electrode, the presence of chemical pollutants, the presence of physical pollutants, oil molecular structure, temperature and pressure. There also various factors in the theory of voltage breakdown which is like electronic theory, suspended particle theory, cavitations theory and bubble theory were postulated. (Olive Oil from the Tree to the Table). Dielectric strength also depends on the time and method of tension, purity materials, the type of tension as well as experimental and environmental parameters, until set of dielectric strength unique to the specific material is difficult, a range of values can be found and used for application purposes. (Noraniza binti Toriman, 2003). 2.3.3 Types of Transformer Oil a) Mineral Transformer Oil (Mineral Based Oil) A mineral oil is a liquid by product of the petroleum refineries to produce gasoline and other petroleum based products from crude oil. A mineral oil in this sense is transparent and colourless oil composed mainly of alkenes and cyclic paraffin, related to. Mineral oil is a substance of relatively low value, and it is produced in very large amounts. Mineral oil is available in light and heavy grades, and can often be found in drug stores. There are three basic classes of refined mineral oils: Paraffinic oils, based on n-alkenes. Naphthenic oils, based on cycloalkanes. Aromatic oils, based on aromatic hydrocarbons. Table 2.1 Properties of Mineral Transformer Oil (https://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60F (15.6C) 0.880 *10 kg/m 54.9 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity at 68F (20C) 22 cSt 22 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212F (100C) 2.6 cSt 2.6 cSt Fire point 170 C 338 F Pour Point -50 C -58 F Flash point 160 C 320 F Auto ignition point 280 C 536 F Specific heat capacity 1860 J/(kg*K) 0.444 BTU/(lb*F) Thermal conductivity at 20C (68F) 0.126 W/(m*K) 0.875 BTU*in/(hr*ft*F) Thermal expansion at 20C (68F) 7.5*10-4 C 4.2*10-4 in/(in* F) Breakdown strength min.70 kV min.70 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90C (194F) max.0.002 max.0.002 Permittivity at 20C (68F) 2.2 2.2 b) Silicon Transformer Oil (Polydimethylsiloxane based fluid) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that is often referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is known for its unusual rheological properties. PDMS is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. It is called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, also, in shampoos, caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles. Table 2.2 Properties of Silicon Transformer Oil (https://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60F (15.6C) 0.960 *10 kg/m 59.9 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity at 68F (20C) 55 cSt 55 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212F (100C) 15 cSt 15 cSt Fire point min.350 C min.662 F Pour Point max.-50 C max.-58 F Flash point min.300 C min.572 F Auto ignition point 435 C 815 F Specific heat capacity 1510 J/(kg*K) 0.360 BTU/(lb*F) Thermal conductivity at 20C (68F) 0.15 W/(m*K) 1.019 BTU*in/(hr*ft*F) Thermal expansion at 20C (68F) 10.4*10-4 C 5.8*10-4 in/(in* F) Breakdown strength 50 kV 50 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90C (194F) max.0.001 max.0.001 Permittivity at 20C (68F) 2.7 2.7 c) Synthetic Transformer Oil (Organic Esters Based Fluid) Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds which are synthesized using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils. Table 2.3 Properties of Synthetic Transformer Oil (https://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60F (15.6C) 0.970 *10 kg/m 60.6 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity at 68F (20C) 70 cSt 70 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212F (100C) 5.3 cSt 5.3 cSt Fire point 322 C 612 F Pour Point -60 C -76 F Flash point 275 C 527 F Autoignition point 438 C 820 F Specific heat capacity 1880 J/(kg*K) 0.448 BTU/(lb*F) Thermal conductivity at 20C (68F) 0.144 W/(m*K) 0.98 BTU*in/(hr*ft*F) Thermal expansion at 20C (68F) 7.5*10-4 C 4.2*10-4 in/(in* F) Breakdown strength min.75 kV min.75 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90C (194F) max.0.006 max.0.006 Permitivity at 20C (68F) 3.2 3.2 2.3.4 Transformer Oil Testing Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from the transformer is a valuable technique in the preventative maintenance program. The transformer can be used longer if a proactive approach undertaken based on the transformer oils condition. Hence, transformer oil must be periodically tested to ensure its basic electrical properties. These tests can be divided into: a) Liquid Power Factor The IEC standard method for this test is IEC 247. This involves measuring the power loss through a thin film of liquid test. Water, contamination, and the decay products of oil oxidation tend to increase the power factor of oil. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) b) Dielectric Breakdown Strength The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the ability of the oil to withstand electric stress. Dry and clean oil showed the inherent high breakdown voltage. Free water and solid particles, especially the latter in combination with high levels of dissolved water, tend to migrate to areas of high electric stress and dramatically reduce the breakdown voltage. The measurement of breakdown voltage, therefore, serves primarily to indicate the presence of contaminants such as water or conducting particles. A low breakdown voltage can be indicating that one or more of these are present. However, a high breakdown voltage does not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants. This test was conducted in accordance with IEC 156. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) c) Moisture The purpose of dielectric tests are conducted is to ensure the monitoring moisture can be done directly. IEC 733 is a well established and can measure the moisture down to the low part of the million levels. While the acceptable values have been set by the voltage class for moisture, these are somewhat misleading. A truer picture of moisture in the transformer must be taken into account so that percentage saturation of the oil by moisture and percentage moisture by dry weight of the solid insulation can be calculated. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) d) Neutralization Number (Acidity) This value, measured by IEC standard method IEC 1125A reported as mg KOH / g sample, reports the relative amount of oil oxidation products, especially acids, alcohol and soap. As oil continues to oxidize, the acid increased gradually, generally over the years. Running the acid number regularly provides guidance as to how far oxidation of the oil has proceeded. The acceptable limit by the test is usually used as general guidelines to determine when the oil should be replaced or reclaimed. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) e) Interfacial Tension The test methods for interfacial tension (IFT), IEC 6295, measuring the strength in mN/m from the interface that will form between service aged oil and distilled water. Because the decay products of oil oxidation are oil and water soluble, their presence would tend to weaken the interface and reduce the interfacial tension value. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) f) Colour/Visual Field inspection of liquid insulation (IEC 296) includes examination for the presence of cloudy or sediment and the general appearance as well as a colour inspection. As oil ages, it will be darken gradually. Very dark oil or oil that changes drastically over a short period of time may indicate a problem. Any cloudiness or sediment indicates the presence of free water or particles that may be harmful to continued the equipment operation. Taken alone, without considering the past history or other test parameters, the colour is not very important to diagnose transformer problems. If the oil has an acrid or unusual odor, consideration should be given to carrying out further tests. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) g) Sludge/Sediment The IEC 296 test distinguishes between the sediment and sludge. Sediment is an insoluble substance present in the oil. Sediment may consist of insoluble oxidation or degradation products of solid or liquid materials, solid products such as carbon or metallic oxide and fibres or other foreign matter. Sludge is polymerized oxidation products of solid and liquid insulating material. Sludge is soluble in oil up to a certain limit. At sludge levels above this, the sludge comes out of the solution contributing an additional component to the sediment. The presence of sludge and sediment can change the electrical properties of the oil and prevent the exchange of heat, so encouraging damage to the insulating material. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) h) Inhibitor Content Inhibited oil deteriorates more slowly than uninhibited oil so long as active oxidation inhibitor is present. However, after the oxidation inhibitor is consumed, the oil can be oxidized at a higher level. Determination of oxidation inhibitor remaining in the in-service transformer oil is based on IEC 666. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) i) Dissolved Gas Analysis The purpose and functions of the DGA is to provide an indication as to whether there may be an active or incipient transformer fault affecting the operation and continued health of the equipment. DGA is used to detect and measure nine of dissolved gases which are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Methane, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Ethan, Ethylene, and Acetylene. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) j) Dissolved Metals Analysis Analysis of dissolved metals can be used in further identifying the location of transformer faults discovered by dissolved gas analysis. For example, the dissolved metal analysis indicating the presences of conductor metals may indicate a fault is occurring in the winding or at a connection while the presence of iron indicates involvement of the core steel. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) k) Furanic Compounds When paper breaks down, the cellulose chains are broken and glucose molecules (which serve as the building blocks of the cellulose) are chemically changed. Each of the glucose monomer molecules that are removed from the polymer chain becomes one of a series of related compounds called furans or furanic compounds. Because these furanic compounds are partially soluble in oil, they are present in both the oil and the paper. Measuring the concentration of the oil can tell us a little more about the paper. The standard method typically tests for five compounds that are normally only present in the oil as a result of the paper breaking down. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) 2.3.4Instrument / Device for Transformer Oil Testing a) Oil Test Set (Megger OTS 60 PB) The OTS 60PB is a 0 60 kV, battery powered portable dielectric strength oil test set. Its size and weight make it suitable for on-site assessment of insulating oil quality. The dielectric strength test it performs is an important deciding factor in knowing whether to retain or replace the oil. Breakdown voltage is measured, averaged and displayed under the control of built-in programmed sequences. Go/no-go testing is available. OTS 60PB follows the oil testing sequences described in many national and other specifications among which are: British BS 148, BS 5730a (automatic proof testing), BS 5874; International IEC 156, American ASTM D877 ASTM D1816, German VDE 0370, French NFC 27, Spanish UNE 21, Italian CEI 10-1, Russian GOCT 6581, South African SABS 555, Australian AS 1767 and Institute of Petroleum IP 295. Two types of withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test, the voltage continues to rise after the minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The OTS 60PB is used for determining the dielectric strength of liquid insulants such as insulating oils used in transformers, switchgear, cables and other electrical apparatus. It is portable and suitable for testing on site as well as in the laboratory. The test set is fully automatic. The operator has only to prepare the test vessel, load it with sample oil, place it in the test chamber, select the appropriate specification for the tests and then start the test sequence. The test set carries out automatically (and if necessary unattended) the sequence of tests as defined by the pre-selected national specification. Oil testing specifications, for which the set is pre-programmed, are as follows:- A 5 minute test sequence is also provided so that the operator may quickly obtain an idea of the breakdown value of an oil sample. Two types of semi automatic withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test the voltage continues to rise after passing for one minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The test results can be reviewed on the LCD or printed via the RS232 interface. An optional, battery operated printer is available to obtain a hard copy of the results. The safety features incorporated in the test sets design include two forced break switches used as described in B S 5304. These are interlocked with the oil vessel loading door. b) Volumetric titration system Metrohm Titrino SM 702 An automatic potentiometric titration system Titrino SM 702 with Exchange Unit 806 made by Metrohm measured the acidity of the oils. Here the Total Acid Number (TAN) was determined by a volumetric titration with potash to neutralize the carboxylic acids. The titration took place as follows: At first 10 g of the oil were dissolved in 40 ml of solvent toluene / ethanol in a ratio of 5 to 4. Potash (KOH, 0.1 mol/l) was added as titre with volume increments of 0.001 ml or 0.005 ml depending on the expected acidity. The system detects, when the acid-base-equivalence-point EP is reached by a voltage measurement in the solution. From the volume of potash at the EP equation below calculates the acidity as TAN: TAN= EP1-C31.C01.CO2.CO3CO0 (2.2) TAN total acid number EP1 equivalent point C31 blind value of the solvent toluene/ethanol CO1 0.1 mol/L, concentration of titre CO2 1 CO3 56106 g/mol, molar mass of titre CO0 weight of the oil sample c) Kelman TRANSPORT X Portable DGA Unit And Moisture In Oil Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is recognised as the most important test in monitoring power transformers. It is now being successfully extended to other oil filled equipment such as tap changers and circuit breakers. The TRANSPORT X unit has been designed to be very rugged and user friendly with an emphasis placed on field operation. The unit is used by over 200 companies and utilities and has sold in excess of 600 units worldwide. The TRANSPORT X test uses state of the art infrared measurement technology to give accurate, reliable results in a matter of minutes. The TRANSPORT X product represents an invaluable tool for Asset Management and will increase the power of any DGA program. Extensive field and laboratory use worldwide has proven that the TRANSPORT X test gives highly reliable results and that it is genuinely suitable for field conditions. The TRANSPORT X equipment minimizes the risk of carryover between tests. With the ability to go from high gassed samples (such as tap changers) to subsequent low gassed samples (such as main tanks) with no contamination of results the user can confidently test all types of oil filled equipment. Internal diagnostic software helps to translate ppm data into valuable information by employing standard DGA interpretation rules e.g. Duvals triangle, key gas analysis etc. These established algorithms assist the user to analyse the condition of the transformer. The accompanying TransportPro PC software allows the user to download records to a PC database for export to Kelman PERCEPTION software or Excel. 2.4 Monitoring Method Basically, there are two method of monitoring transformer oil which is on-line monitoring and off-line monitoring. 2.4.1 On-Line Monitoring On-line monitoring and predictive technologies that have been used can reduce the inherent deficiencies in many current maintenance practices. Many of these technologies have become more intelligent so that it requires less expertise in interpreting the results. It is not always valid, and difficult for companies to hire enough qualified workers in each location to understand the various kinds of data from any types of equipment. More information provided by many monitors than the normal end user can understand, but is available to members for additional diagnostics and prognostics. A new acronym has emerged to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED). Unfortunately there is no technology that is the Holy Grail for the assessment of electrical equipment. In many cases, several technologies must be used to perform a complete diagnosis. Most of the monitoring system designed to warn the user or unusual problems and provide more diagnostic data. Most of these technologies have been built in communications capability that allows you to forecast long-distance monitoring through Ethernet, serial communications such as Modbus, DNP 3.0 or customized data streams and wireless modems, and analog. Remote monitoring allows companies to streamline forecasting expertise in centralized locations or outsourcing to the right experts. This can be done continuously or periodically or event driven. Event driven systems send out reminders via, pager, phone, e-mail or fax to the right person, and then communicate back to the monitor for further analysis and recommendations. Most industrial facilities do little monitoring of their Power Transformers. Nowadays systems can control and monitor all aspects of a transformer including temperatures, loads, cooling systems, pressures, bushings and windings. Four great examples include: The monitoring of the loads on the cooling fans and pump circuits to indicate abnormal conditions such as locked rotor or loss of cooling capacity. Monitoring the temperature differential across the connection board between the main tank and the load tap changer compartment Continuous monitoring of the power factor and capacitance of High Voltage Bushing Central data concentrator and communication RTU for all third parties monitors such as Partial Discharge (PD) and DGA. 2.4.2 Off-Line Monitoring Off-line tests are go/no go tests. Most of the techniques whether electrical or chemical methods, and destructive or non-destructive methods, only provide partial information about the state of the insulation condition of power transformers. More advanced condition monitoring or condition assessment techniques have been developed and are now starting to come into more general use. They have been developed in response to the need for new materials assessment methods. However, in some advanced diagnostics tools are still in the developmental stage, either in the technical development or, more likely, in the methods of analysis and interpretation of the test data. Examples of Off-Line Monitoring: Recovery Voltage Measurement (RVM) Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement (PDC) Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy (FDS) Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) PD Measurement RVM, PDC FDS are based on the use of the dielectric response of insulating materials to the application of electric fields Conductivity, Polarization Dielectric Response. 2.4.3Monitoring Method of Dielectric Breakdown There are several existing methods for measuring the dielectric strength of such interference, ASTM D877 ASTM D1816 and IEC 60156 method. . While these methods can often be performed on-site with portable equipment and are valuable laboratory tests, they suffer from poor repeatability, and due to their destructive nature, cannot be used on-line. Progress has been made in controlling the destructive energy released by the test device (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, 1999), but not to the level or the payment to be suitable for use on-line. Like the arcs produced in contacting equipment, the arcs produced in the test instruments degrade the breakdown strength of the oil. Since the dielectric breakdown strength is the quantity under measurement, this limits the number of successive tests that can be run on a given sample. In the ASTM method, five-shot test performed on the samples provided before should be discarded. With only five samples, it may be difficult to obtain statistically valid representation of oil and, in fact, the ASTM standard allows the range of 92% of means a five-shot test will be valid. (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005) With some kind of chemistry and physical particulate contaminants are generally present, the oil can be a homogeneous media. Temperature variations can locally influence the relative saturation of moisture; turbulence of flow and proximity to sources of pollution can influence the type and concentration of particulate contaminants. So, it may be difficult to obtain a representative sample of the actual state of the oil with a small sample size used in the existing instruments and the limited number of test specimens to be drawn from the size of the oil compartment. The inhomogeneity of oil, combine with the fact that the number of test shots that can be restricted more to reduce the ability of existing test methods. It is not surprising that while the dielectric breakdown strength are important, lack of faith is placed on the ability of standard test methods to measure accurately. The key to both improving the accuracy of laboratory test methods and enabling on-line testing is the reduction of energy dissipated during the breakdown of the oil. If the shot did not damage the oil test, more test sample shots can be done and more accurate statistics can be developed. Traditionally, the test method is to use a big scheme, but simply to generate the high voltage necessary to break down the oil. This device comprises essentially a variable autotransformer which is used to increase tension in the cell test until damage occurs, at which point the relay to close off the current transformers. With all the energy stored in magnetic and capacitance of the transformer, the energy released into the cell into the test after the relay shut off (assuming that the relay works in real time) to several tens of joules. Many cheaper dielectric breakdown test set available today is still depending on the approach of the variable autotransformer. Recently, efforts have been made to reduce the energy lost during the damage even by using a resonant test set. These test sets limit the stored energy available during a breakdown event and can very quickly detect a breakdown and de-energize the test set. Such sets are capable of limiting the energy dissipated during a breakdown to a mere 20 mJ (American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999). Unfortunately, this advanced capability comes at a price of complexity and cost, making this device a laboratory test device which is very good, but not suitable for use on-line. 2.5 National Instrument Company and Products National Instruments, NI is an American company with approximately 5,000 employees and does direct operations in 41 countries all over the world. The companys headquarter is in Austin, Texas and it is a producer of virtual instrumentation software and automated test equipment. The software products include LabVIEW, a graphical development environment, LabWindows/CVI, which provides VI, tools for C, TestStand, a test sequencing and management environment, and Multisim, which is formerly Electronics Workbench is an electrical circuit analysis program. Hardware products is including the VXI, VMEbus, and PXI frames and modules, as well as interfaces for GPIB, IC, and other industrial automation standards. The company also sell real-time embedded controllers, including CompactRIO and Compact FieldPoint. Applications which commonly used are data acquisition, instrument control and machine vision. National Instrument also is in the list of 100 best companies in the world (National Instrumen ts, 2009). 2.5.1 NI USB TC01 Thermocouple Measurement Device The NI USB-TC01 thermocouple measurement device with NI InstantDAQ technology features so that can directly take temperature measurements with the personnel computer (PC). Just plug in the device and it automatically loads the built-in software for viewing and logging data. No driver installation required. Connect to any USB port to use the PC as a display and monitor data in real time. The device is compatible with J, K, R, S, T, N, and B thermocouples, uses a standard miniplug so it easy to connect the device with the thermocouple. More applications for alarming, triggering, and scheduled data logging are available as free downloads. It also can build the applications with NI LabVIEW graphical programming and NI-DAQmx driver software for the further customization. (https://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-215/lang/en). 2.5.1.1 NI InstantDAQ Technology The USB-TC01 with NIInstantDAQ technology features is automatically loads software for viewing and logging data after connecting the device to the computer. There is no previous driver installation required. The device simply plugs into the USB port, and loaded the USB-TC01 launch screen from built-in memory on the device. The current thermocouple reading will display at the launch screen so that the thermocouple type and temperature units can be configured. It can log data with the temperature logger application, open and customize the temperature logger source code inLabVIEW. (https://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-215/lang/en). 2.5.1.2 Built-In Temperature Logger The USB-TC01 temperature logger can load directly from the USB-TC01 launch screen. It can graph live measurements with the temperature logger and log data with timestamps to a text file. (https://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-215/lang/en). 2.5.1.3 Taking Measurements with Software a) Logging Temperature From the NI USB-TC01 Launch Screen, click Temperature Logger.In the NI USB-TC01 Temperature Logger window that opens, select the Thermocouple Typeand Temperature Units. If want to capture, or log, the temperature readings, select Log Data. Click Start to acquire NI USB-TC01 and graphs the temperature until click Stop. Click View Logto open the log file. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). b) Downloading Additional Application Additional ready-to-run applications that provide added functionality for the NI USB-TC01 is available as free download. It can access these applications by selecting Do More with your NI USB-TC01from the NI USB-TC01 Launch Screen. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). c) Creating Custom Software In addition to taking measurements with the NI USB-TC01 Launch Screen, it can also build with LabVIEW and NI-DAQmx driver software for the NI USB-TC01. Graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart in LabVIEW can graphically wire together function blocks to create own applications for logging data, alarming, triggering, reporting, and performing real-time data analysis. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). 2.5.1.4 Connecting Input The NI USB-TC01 provides connections for one thermocouple. Thermocouple types J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B are supported. The NI USB-TC01 has a two-prong uncompensated thermocouple input that accepts a standard two-prong male mini thermocouple connector. Connect the positive lead of the thermocouple connector to the TC+ terminal, and the negative lead of the thermocouple connector to the TC- terminal. Figure 2.13 shows the NI USB-TC01 terminal assignments. If it is unsure which of the thermocouple leads is positive and which is negative, check the thermocouple documentation or the thermocouple wire spool. For best results, NI recommends the use of insulated or ungrounded thermocouples when possible. If need to increase the length of the thermocouple, use the same type of thermocouple wires to minimize the error introduced by thermal EMFs. Temperature measurement errors depend in part on the thermocouple type, the temperature being measured, the accuracy of the thermocouple, and the cold-junction temperature. Error graphs for each thermocouple type connected to the NI USB-TC01 are shown in the specificationssection. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). 2.5.1.5NI USB-TC01 Circuitry The NI USB-TC01 devices thermocouple channel passes through a differential filter and is sampled by a 20-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), as shown in Figure 2.13. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). 2.6 Discharge Circuit 2.6.1 High Voltage Zappers A high voltage can be generated using circuit shown in figure 2.14 by discharging the energy stored in a large-value capacitor through the primary winding of a high-turns-ratio step-up transformer. This is known a Capacitor-Discharge (CD) system. It is the same concept used by many of the high-performance auto-ignition systems to produce a super-hot spark and used by some of the top of the line electric fence chargers. CD ignition coil should be selected and use a 440uF, 75-100V DC electrolytic capacitor for C1 used to achieve a maximum spark. The voltage across C1 monitored using a DC voltmeter. R4 is adjusted so that the Q3 fires when the charging voltage across C1 reaches between 50-55 volts. It should produce a spark 1.25 to 1.5 inches long every second or so with that setting. C1 changed to a 10uF, 220VAC motor capacitor to obtain a faster pulse rate, with some reduction in the output. Experiment repeat with different component values to obtain the desired results. 2.6.2Vacuum Discharge Driven by a Magnetic Pulse Compression Circuit Low pressure discharges in a compact coaxial geometry were produced by applying either positive or negative high voltage pulses delivered by a three-stage magnetic pulse compression circuit. The driver provided repetitive pulses of up to 15 kV and 20 J maximum transferred energy per pulse. The inner electrode was a rod having either a pointed or flat end with sharp edges. When using the negative flat-end electrode, the breakdown occurred down to lower pressures (about 2.5mPa).The discharge was continued inside the inter electrode gap, and the discharge current had higher values (around 4 kA), the discharge characteristics being very reproducible. The measurements suggested that the field effect was responsible for the discharge onset in this configuration. On the other hand, low pressure discharges are interesting from the point of view of plasma radiation sources (e.g. lasers, electron sources, flash X-ray sources). For such radiation sources, it is important to have very reproducible breakdown, plasma development and emission parameters. Ahigh-power low-pressure discharge can be also used as fast switch or astriggering means for more powerful discharge configurations. This circuit concern on the breakdown and discharge characteristics for a large range of working power. 2.6.4Charge/Discharge Equalization Management Circuit Figure 2.18 shows a circuit is composed by one switch pipe Q, one diode D and one inductance L. The connection mode is that after Q and D is parallel connected, they are connected with L in series, and then respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the battery, where, the cathode of D connects the anode of the battery and L connects the cathode of the battery. In the automatic equalization equipment of series-wound storage battery pile, various equalization circuits are series-wound. `This circuit can be used with charge management and discharge management at the same time, and they are independent each other, and the equalization manager can be started in any stage of charge/discharge. The equalization voltage management of charge/discharge enhances the coherence of the single battery, reduces the accumulated influences of disequilibrium factors, and better solves the problem of a great lot of battery discarding induced by hybrid series-wound batteries with differences in the electrical cars. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This project is a software and hardware development which is applied as testing equipment in monitoring transformer oil. To build this test circuit, some research must be done and planning should be made. These studies must be done in stages to facilitate the implementation of project work undertaken. In addition, the design and use of proper methods also need to ensure that the project is successfully implemented. 3.2 Project Activity In order to completing this project, every step taken must be organized and structured. This is to ensure that projects run according to proper procedure and follow the schedule before the deadline. This would avoid the duplication of the work when problems occur. Thus, a flow chart of the project should be created to help develop the work in order to complete this project. The first step to be taken is to obtain and review the information and data related to this project. Next is to identify tools and equipment needed to design a dielectric breakdown test circuit. The most important step in doing this project is to design a dielectric breakdown test circuit and doing the actual testing using the circuit which has designed to prove it can be used as a one of testing device for transformer oil. 3.3 Design the Dielectric Strength Test Circuit The circuit designed will be run automatically using Temperature Logger NI USB-TC01. Temperature Logger NI USB-TC01 is a software programme that contains data of temperature reading and can shows in form of a graph. This project begins from a small circuit that will flows the electricity and inject the voltage at the same time in the pure transformer oil. Then, the temperature of the oil will be taken using the thermocouple and NI USB-TC01. The temperature that has been measured will compare to the dielectric breakdown of transformer oil as in a theory. This procedure repeated for the mixture of pure oil and water. 3.4 Discharge Circuit Chosen After doing some research, the circuit as in Figure 3.3 has been chosen as most suitable circuit for this project. This circuit is cheap and efficient for 8-20 kHz flyback driver. The components needed to design this circuit are also easily obtained. This circuit use 12V DC voltage as the input and the flyback transformer (with ratio 1:100) which is connected to the circuit will step up the voltage so that the spark can be generated. The output voltage is about 1200V according to the ratio of the flyback transformer. 3.5 Monitoring Method In this project, a dielectric strength test done by using off-line monitoring. This test is conduct to determine the resistance of the insulation oil high-voltage AC flow (inject) before it was broken-dam (breakdown). This test can determine the moisture content, dust or other foreign objects such as objects fibrous. This test can be performed by taking samples of oil the former consisting of two probes. High voltage passes from the circuit built to the two probes and adjusted so that the two probes generate spark. Then, temperature reading of the transformer oil which is increase by time measured. 3.6 Testing Measures The test measures to be taken can be divided into two stages as follows: a) Testing function of the circuit Components are arranged as in the circuit diagram and soldered. Circuit is connected to a 12V power supply and switched on. Output voltage reading of the circuit is measured using a voltmeter. The circuit is turned off and then the flyback transformer is connected to the output point of the circuit. Two wires connected to the output point of the flyback transformer to be used as a substitute for probes. Then the distance between the two ends of the wire is adjusted to produce a spark. This step is repeated until the spark that gets clearer. b) Testing dielectric strength of transformer oil The testing container must be clean by two or three times with the oil to be tested. The oil samples filling up to the level indicated at the testing container and set up for testing. The test equipment set up as in Figure 3.7. The circuit switched on, the probes immersed in the oil and adjusted until it generate spark. The thermocouple also immersed in the oil to take the temperature readings. Then, the temperature of the transformer oil measure and the readings recorded. The results obtained compare to the standard data. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction This chapter will discuss all the results and findings that were obtained after several tests done. Then, the results compared to the relevant theory. All the problems and difficulties encountered during testing done were also discussed in this chapter. 4.2 Testing Function of the Circuit Prior to testing transformer oil, the circuit was built to be tested firstly to determine whether it can function properly or not. Initially, the circuit tested without a flyback transformer. The output voltage of the circuit was measured and it shows that the output voltage of the circuit is equal to the input voltage. This means that the components in the circuit to function properly. Later, the flyback transformer is connected to the circuit. Purpose of using the flyback transformer is to increase the input voltage with a high ratio that spark can be generated. In this case, the output voltage cannot be measured by common voltmeter because theoretically the output voltage produced by the flyback transformer is large and exceeds the limit that can be used by ordinary voltmeter. It only can measure the voltage output from the flyback transformer by using a special voltage meters and high voltage probes. However, as in theory it would be spark only happens when high voltage is passe d through the two sources are brought closer. This can be proven when the two ends of the wire that serves as a replacement to the probes are placed within a certain distance, the spark can be generated. 4.3 Testing Transformer Oil Usually, transformer oil dielectric strength test is performed by using a special tool that can inject a high voltage in oil through two high voltage probes. This tool is too expensive. In this project, a short circuit with the use of flyback transformers designed to work as a special tool as in the theory. This project carried out tests and measurements methods slightly modified from the original method of taking temperature readings of oil after the oil is inject with the high voltage. The original method is by measuring the breakdown voltage. As all know, equipment for high voltage measurement is expensive. So, the measurement method was modified to achieve the objectives of this project. Modifications made are based on theories that have been studied. These tests performed on the original oil and mixed oil and moisture. After doing testing, the oil temperature was found that take too long time to increase and this causes make it less efficient. This is caused by the flyback transformer output voltage is small and the resulting spark is also small and not sufficient to heat the oil in a beaker. So, a little more varied testing method has be done to make oil temperature readings increase more easily. The oil is heated by using a solder that is based on the theory of the heaters warming. This method is effective enough to get a reading of the oil temperature rise for determine the oil dielectric strength test. The following are the results of tests conducted: Based on the two graphs obtained, it can found that the pure oil temperature increased sharply compared to the mixture of oil and moisture which has a lower increasing temperature rate. Theoretically, a mixture of oil and water are two different forms of chemical properties. So, the dielectric strength of the two liquids is different and causing the temperature increase rate of the mixture is slow. Thus, the dielectric strength can determine by this test. Hence, it also can determine that the transformer oil is purely substance or mix with other properties. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the conclusions that can be made based on the results obtained and the method of solution which has been done to solve the problems faced in completing this project. Some suggestions are also described in this chapter for continued research on this project in future. 5.2 Conclusion In conclusion, this project partially achieves the objectives and scopes of the project. From this project, a small circuit with suitable electronic components can be designed to generate the output voltage higher than the input voltage by generate the spark and the reading of the measurement system can also be done using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipments. This shows that a measuring instrument for dielectric strength of transformer oil can be designed with more simple and cheaper than existing equipments. However, there are some constraints and limitations of the circuit that have been built as a means of testing such as producing a small spark as the small output voltage and the electronic component parts can not last long and become hot due to the feedback response voltage of the flyback transformer. Measurement of temperature readings is also unstable, while the reading for high-voltage output cannot be taken with common measuring tools. Later in, some of suggestions and recommendations to be considered to improve this project that has been carried out for the further research. 5.3 Recommendations Some recommendations can be given to meet the needs for further research on this project in the future. The recommendations are as follows: a) Produce greater spark The circuit has been designed in this project can be improved further by using electronic components that are better suited to produce a larger spark as the output voltage is more higher. The use of flyback transformer also must being suitable to the circuit that will be designed for the great ratio. b) Good electronic components The electronic components that will being use in the circuit for the future research must have a good quality and can function longer due to the feedback response of flyback transformer. The most important thing is the use of electronic components used must be in accordance with the proper values. c) Transformer oil testing equipment A dynamic testing device can be designed and not just focus on the measurement of oil temperature and dielectric strength tests where the results of the oil quality is more precise and clear. d) Appropriate measurement tools Appropriate measurement tools should be used to facilitate the taking of appropriate reading can be done while ensuring that the readings taken are accurate and stable e) Equipment and laboratory facilities Equipment and laboratory facilities are based is crucial for carrying out project work related to the high voltage and electrical power. This is very important to ensure personal safety and equipment while doing the work of testing and training.

Essay Function of a Manager - 1381 Words

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These programs can include incremental pay increases or bonuses based on the success of an individual employee, or from a group within the staff which is highly successful in their tasks. One study conducted indicated, that, any incentive plan, regardless of its structure, is better than none at all. They also found that plotting results on a graph each day facilitated performance under incentive plans. (Daniels) From a personal level, my experience working in the hospitality industry for one of the largest corporations in the industry for the past few years has lead me to understand the importance of motivation and the overall importance of a manager being a positive and motivating individual. After working under several different managers who utilized very different managing and motivation styles and techniques, Ive been able to see what proved effective in the long run. Ive participated in various incentive programs, those which offered monetary rewards along with those which offered prizes such as movie tickets to gift certificates for restaurants and being deemed Associate of the Quarter. I strongly agree with Scott Hays article on Incentive Programs in the workplace, ...it depends on whether the rewards help support corporate goals, such as increased profit and customer loyalty, or ifShow MoreRelatedThe Functions Of A Manager1490 Words   |  6 Pages The functions of a manager can be considered a circle of actions in which each component leads to the next (Liebler McConnell, 2008, p. 52). The manager carries out activities in a complex unified manner. Gulick identified the traditional functions of a manager and Urwick based on the earlier work of Henri Fayol; the classic functions of a manager are planning, decision making, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. 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Ethical Issues in Management Paper free essay sample

Ethical Issues in Management Managers have many tasks to complete each day as well as many responsibilities that they need to have under control. The process of hiring is an extremely difficult task. It being one of the most important roles and responsibilities of holding a managers position. Throughout the process of hiring, a management representative looks for unique individuals that hold the qualifications to do the job in which they are applying for. This is always an important part in finding the proper person to support the company’s visions, values, and morals. Management must be very careful concerning this delicate process. Avoiding any type of actions, comments, or decisions that could be unethical to stay away from legal issues. All organizations need assurance that they are following all employment regulations that have been set by the government to keep them safe from any trouble that could come from a bad interview. Moral and Ethical Issues Many moral and ethical issues can come up when management has to deal with the hiring new employees process. One issue a manager must face when considering a prospective employee is nepotism. According to Dictionary. com (2010), â€Å"patronage bestowed or favoritism shown on the basis of family relationship, as in business and politics† (Nepotism, para. 1). This usually could affect a business or company is a negative light. If there is a very competitive position that just opened up, say in a law firm and the word got out, many people would of course, apply for this position immediately. These people are extremely interested in this position, and are curious why they have not gotten a callback. It is unfair to the innocent patrons who believe they have a shot at the position when they clearly have no idea that a family member or friend was put before them simply because he or she know the one who is doing the hiring. A nepotism-type conflict could arise easily if the manager used his or her power of authority to influence the hiring process of a relative or friend. Many steps can be practiced by a person of higher authority when it comes to voiding or resolving any issues of nepotism. Some of these steps include: reviewing the company’s policies on or about nepotism, being sure to enforce these policies so that an unethical predicament will not occur. Working with the human resources department to resolve any issues that are currently present is another great way to try to cut out rumors that may come about. Allowing rumors to thrive and encouraging unjustifie d views of nepotism could impact an organization in a negative manner. According to EmployeeIssues. om (2003-2010), â€Å"The consequences of nepotism might constitute illegal employment discrimination under Federal discrimination laws or state equivalents, in either the private or public sector. For example, it might constitute illegal discrimination on the basis of race or sex, if an employer with 15 or more employees consistently hires relatives of a particular race or gender to the exclusion of non-relatives of other races or the opposite gender. The consequences of nepotism might constitute wrongful termination too. For example, if a boss fires employees solely to create job opportunities for relatives who have the same religious beliefs as does he or she, then the boss might have illegally discharged those employees based on religion discrimination, if their religious beliefs were not the same as his or hers (Nepotism, para. 5-7). Social Issues and Ethically Responsible Management The hiring process requires management to take into account much more than â€Å"good business decisions. It means that those in the supervisory positions need to reflect on the manners in which their decisions affect the other employees, associates, then environment, and society. It is important to keep in mind that most times being socially and ethically responsible, results in more profitable business ventures (Essortment, 2002). When it comes to hiring social issues is one of the main things the manager has to worry about. Everyone always wants the new person to fit into the new work settings. Usually when a new person comes into a workplace in which many of the other employees already know each other and get along very well it is difficult for the new person fit in. It is also the manager’s job to hire someone who he or she thinks will be a good fit for the job as well as a good fit for the other employees. If a person is demanding and has a bad attitude usually they will not get hired because the manager sees through that person and knows that he or she will not benefit the business and feel like an outcast between the other employees. This decision that the manager must face is an ethical decision of the wellness of the business and the wellness of the hiree. As a responsible manager one should always think as well as act ethically. I do not believe that managers should mix business with pleasure. If a manager has befriended some of his or hers employees there is a good chance some social issues will occur. The same goes for the hiring process. As stated above the factor of nepotism is a critical matter within a business if a manager hires his or her friend or relative. If a manager decided to hire a friend or relative him or her that they might feel as if he or she could be in social environments and have nothing to worry about. This is where they are wrong. From personal experience I know many people who have hired a friend and it resulted in not working out. The friend thought that he or she could slack off and not do their part because the manager is his or her â€Å"best friend. † This could cause a huge conflict within the workplace between the employees who have been there for a while and are doing their part, and the manager who hired his or her friend. Socially, it could end up killing the friendship bond between manager and newly hired friend. It also caused madness within the workplace. It is the manager’s ethical responsibility to talk with their friend who is also the newly hired employee to try to work the issues out, or let the friend go before his or her friendship is ruined. Ethically the right thing to do for the business is for the manager to talk to his or her friend to try and let him or her understand that the work that should be getting completed is vital to the success of the business. They should also explain that they could have hired a knowledgeable person who applied, waited his or her turned, and wants to do the work. It is the manager’s ethical responsibility to hire the best people for the job description he or she are looking for. Example of a Workplace Dilemma When I first started working at my current job Massage Envy Spa was going through a difficult time hiring reliable front desk associates. I was working at the spa for just about a month and my manager was in the process of doing three interviews per day. This one girl seemed extremely promising and ready to work as well as be part of our team. When my manager was doing her interview, she decided, it was best that some of the other front desk associates sit in and get a feel for the girl too. Everything went great we all loved the girl so my manager let her go on her way and sent her to get a drug test, which was the last step of her interview process. She had a specific date and time to go to a local clinic that provides drug tests to prospective employees. Unfortunately, this female did not pass her drug test. This put my manager in a very difficult position. This girl obviously did not get the position, however; at that present time it brought legal actions into the situation. Under Massage Envy Spa hiring and employment policy the section about drug testing and failing is a huge deal. With the company is does not just mean you do not get hired; it could also mean trouble with the law for the girl. Whenever a drug test comes back positive law enforcement must now be present. It was a terribly hard decision for my manager to have to do but with the businesses state drug testing laws instead of any type of punishment then girl had to partake in a weeklong rehabilitation treatment seminar. I believe that this decision was the perfect action for the consequences the girl had to face. I am sure she will not be the last to fail a drug test administered for a job position at Massage Envy Spa, but I am sure glad she did not get away with abusing illegal substances. Conclusion Managers have a large amount of work on their plates, the process of hiring being one of the toughest. The best thing for a manager to do is stay true to the overall goodness that a new employee potentially can bring to the business. They must follow all the rules and make sure to be honest and represent the business is a positive way. Most people are willing to do anything for a job they want. The manager must be able to take the hirees personality and drive, and place them metaphorically into the position to see if they are a good fit. A management position is hard work this is why he or she was awarded the position in the first place. The person or persons of higher authority saw that specific employee has the proper ethical standards to manage the business.

Essay Topics For Dracula

Essay Topics For DraculaToday I want to talk to you about essay topics for Dracula. When you're doing a research project, it can be difficult to figure out which topic is going to be your favorite. This article is not an example of black and white - there are many different kinds of essays, and the essay topics for Dracula is one of those different kinds. Let's discuss why.The reason that you may have difficulties in choosing a topic for your essay on Dracula is that the subject matter can range from a bit old fashioned to pretty modern. Before you pick your topic, you should ask yourself some questions. What kind of audience do you have? What is the context in which the topic will be used?For example, I recently had a discussion with a mother and father whose child has just been born into the world and they wanted to know what a basic topic for a child's book would be. In this example, the child's story was all about the novel and the concepts that the book uses. I might have gotten a book about Shakespeare or Daniel Defoe or a novel based on Bram Stoker.So, if you want to write an essay on Dracula, you should decide on a subject based on the kind of audience you will be writing for. You should also decide on a topic that matches the context of the essay.The topics for essays can be so many things. If you want to write an essay on how stuff works, you could research how stuff happens, how things do stuff, and why things happen. By doing research on how stuff works, you will be able to write an essay that has a scientific or theoretical basis to it.You can also research about how things happen in the world. If you study psychology, you might want to look at why people are the way they are and whether or not there is anything that can be done to change the way they are. There are some subjects that are more controversial than others, and that is what you should consider when choosing a topic for your essay. There are other factors such as what you study, and wha t you would like to convey to your readers.If you don't have a lot of time, you might choose one topic and write about it for awhile. Or you could pick two or three topics and write a long essay on each one. The main idea is to get the material across, but not to be rigid about it.As I mentioned before, there are many different kinds of topics for essays, and you need to find something that suits your needs. But make sure that the topic is going to be in line with your purpose.